1.3《检测水域》

E1：In the article, “Should Trees Have Standing?—Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects,” Stone noted that rights are always socially constructed.

C1: 在《树木应当享有诉讼资格吗？——论自然物的法律权利》一文中斯通指出，权利总是由社会构成的。

C2: 在《树木应当享有资格吗？——对于自然物的法律权利》一文中斯通指出，权利总是由社会构成的。

In Example 1, “standing” refers to reputation or qualification. Version 1 successfully adds the exact word “诉讼”, corresponding to legal rights, which is in line with the Chinese language expression, allowing the meaning of the original text to be completely expressed. The use of amplification, which conforms to the fidelity rule of skopos theory, makes the sentence faithful and understandable for readers and strengthens the contextual effect. Nevertheless, although Version 2 translates the meaning of “standing”, it fails to supply the required word “诉讼” according to the context. Apparently, Chinese expression attaches great importance to specific details, without which the target language readers will have a slight deviation in understanding of the source text.

E2: When the Interior Department approved the highway, the Sierra Club sued, arguing that it would cause “irreparable harm to the public interest.”

C1: 美国内务部批准该公路项目时，塞拉俱乐部提起诉讼，称该项目将“对公共利益造成不可挽回的损害”。

C2: 美国内务部批准这条公路时，塞拉俱乐部提起诉讼，称公路将“对公共利益造成不可挽回的损害”。

In Example 2, Version 1 translates “highway” as “公路项目”, which follows the coherence rule and fidelity rule, not only showing full consideration of Chinese word collocation, but also rendering the translation smooth and fluent. Due to the custom of Chinese, the amplification of “项目” is required to reinforce the sentence completeness. However, Version 2 fails to add the required content as Version 1. Omission of the “项目” makes this sentence a mismatched one. In other words, it fails to translate from the perspective of the expression habits and forms of Chinese, which makes the text obstructed and lowers the readability.

E3: While we were debating how to do this— over or under?— two men in a white pickup truck drove up and parked behind O’Neal’s car.

C1: 我们在争论如何是好时——从上面翻过去抑或是从下面钻过去？——这时，两名男子开着一辆白色小卡车过来，停在奥尼尔的车后面。

C2: 我们在讨论该怎么办时——在上面还是在下面？——两名男子开着一辆白色小卡车过来，停在奥尼尔的车后面。

In Example 3, evidently, it is not enough for Chinese readers to grasp the meaning of the source language text by means of purely translating "over or under" into “在上面还是在下面” according to its literal meaning in Version 2. For the sake of faithfulness and fluency of the translation, “翻过去” and “钻过去” have been accurately added under the coherence rule and fidelity rule in Version 1, which not only conforms to the context of the original text, but also achieves the expected goal of conveying the authentic and reliable information of the original text.